Grammar Vocabulary

【1】 Quenya eldarin ná, lambë maisinwa eldain yo atanin Endóressë.

          

► Quenya is Elvish [language], a language familiar to elves and men in Middle-Earth.

【2】 Quenyo tengwesta linipsinwa.

   

► Quenya grammar is complex.

【3】 Quettali nár enquettar, cariquettar, hraitequettar, lenquettar, ar hyanë nostaléron.

             

► Some word are nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and [of] other kinds.

【4】 Quetta vista teälerya yestanyatsënen, mittandenen, mestanyatsenen, ómatailë, hya vistenen yassë taris quettalessë.

                

► A word changes its meaning by prefixation, infixation, suffixation, vowel lengthening, or a change to where it stands in a sentence.

【6】 Enquetta teä eästa, nat, hya tenna; epemman: miuë, palda, saicë.

                

► A noun refers to a being, thing, or notion; for example: cat, bowl, hunger.

【7】 Enquetta apanta nótë yo canta.

     

► A noun shows a number and a case.

【8】 I partië enquettavë vistion ilyë nótessen yo cantassen estalvë so ocombë.

           

► The arrangement of a noun's changes [of form] in all numbers and cases we call its declension.

【9】 Enquettavë nóti nár eritë, yuitë, nótima, linitë.

          

► A noun's numbers are singular, dual, partitive, plural.

【10】 Enquettavë cantar nár estaitë, colitë, haryaitë, antaitë, ??, sastaitë, haitaitë, tucítë.

                  

► A noun's cases are nominative, genitive, possessive, dative, instrumental, locative, ablative, allative.

【11】 Epetai senwa enquetto ocombë apanta visti nelquain atta.

        

► So a regular noun's declension displays thirty-two changes.

【12】 Quenyo enquetta penë yalitë hya olelyaitë canta.

       

► A quenya noun lacks a vocative or comitative case.

【14】 Cariquetta teä carda hya sendë; epemman: matë, alarya.

           

► A verb refers to a deed or state; for example: eat, rejoice.

【15】 Cariquetta apanta nótë, quén, lussë.

       

► A verb shows a number, a person, a tense.

【16】 I partië cariquettavë vistion ilyë nótessen, ??, lussessen estalvë so ??.

             

► The arrangement of a verb's changes [of form] in all numbers, persons, tenses we call its conjugation.

【17】 Cariquettavë nóti nár eritë, yuitë, linitë.

        

► A verb's numbers are singular, dual, plural.

【18】 Cariquettavë queni nár minya, atteä, nelya.

        

► A verb's persons are first, second, third.

【19】 Minya ná i quettaléo quentaro etwa tecindo, atteä ná ye hlarë etwa tengwa sa, nelya ná hyana aiquen.

                    

► First is the sentence's speaker or writer, second is who hears or reads it, third is anyone else.

【20】 Cariquettavë lussi nár aralussë, silussë, vanwalussë, hya tulussë.

           

► A verb's tenses are aorist, present, past, future.

【22】 Senyavë tecilvë quenya Feänáro tengwassenen, anahtai aryë istalvë tecë sa certainen.

            

► Usually we write Quenya with Feanor's alphabet, though we also know how to write it with runes.

【23】 Patacar yuhtar tengwar; þennë ómar yuhtar ómatehtar or sanë tengwar.

           

► Consonants use tengwar; short vowels use vowel-marks above those tengwar.

【24】 Andë ómar ar ohloni satir vérë tengwar.

       

► Long vowels and diphthongs employ their own tengwar.

【25】 Ear hyanë tehtar, ve rinci yo unutixë; ar hyanë tengwar, ve notesseär ar puttar.

                 

► There are other marks, like hooks and under-dots; and other tengwar, like digits and stops.